pelegrinus
Peregrini were accorded only the basic rights of the ius gentium ("law of peoples"), a sort of international law derived from the commercial law developed by Greek city-states,[5] that was used by the Romans to regulate relations between citizens and non-citizens. But theius gentium did not confer many of the rights and protections of the ius civile ("law of citizens" i.e. what we call Roman law).
In the sphere of criminal law, there was no law to prevent the torture of peregrini during official interrogations. Peregrini were subject tode plano (summary) justice, including execution, at the discretion of the legatus Augusti (provincial governor). In theory at least, Roman citizens could not be tortured and could insist on being tried by a full hearing of the governor's assize court i.e. court held in rotation at different locations. This would involve the governor acting as judge, advised by a consilium ("council") of senior officials, as well as the right of the defendant to employ legal counsel. Roman citizens also enjoyed the important safeguard, against possible malpractice by the governor, of the right to appeal a criminal sentence, especially a death sentence, directly to the emperor himself.[Note 3][8]
As regards civil law, with the exception of capital crimes, peregrini were subject to the customary laws and courts of their civitas (an administrative circumscription, similar to a county, based on the pre-Roman tribal territories). Cases involving Roman citizens, on the other hand, were adjudicated by the governor's assize court, according to the elaborate rules of Roman civil law.[9] This gave citizens a substantial advantage in disputes with peregrini, especially over land, as Roman law would always prevail over local customary law if there was a conflict. Furthermore, the governor's verdicts were often swayed by the social status of the parties (and often by bribery) rather than by jurisprudence.[10]
In the fiscal sphere, peregrini were subject to direct taxes (tributum): they were obliged to pay an annual poll tax (tributum capitis), an important source of imperial revenue. Roman citizens were exempt from the poll tax.[11] As would be expected in an agricultural economy, by far the most important revenue source was the tax on land (tributum soli), payable on most provincial land. Again, land inItaly was exempt as was, probably, land owned by Roman colonies (coloniae) outside Italy.[12]
In the military sphere, peregrini were excluded from service in the legions, and could only enlist in the less prestigious auxiliary regiments; at the end of an auxiliary's service (a 25-year term), he and his children are granted citizenship.[13]
In the social sphere, peregrini did not possess the right of connubium ("inter-marriage"): i.e. they could not legally marry a Roman citizen: thus any children from a mixed union were illegitimate and could not inherit citizenship (or property). In addition, peregrini could not, unless they were auxiliary servicemen, designate heirs under Roman law.[14] On their death, therefore, they were legally intestate and their assets became the property of the state.
polski
Historia Paradyża-Gościkowa związana jest z cystersami, którzy przejęli wieś w 1230 r. i kilka lat później wybudowali w niej klasztor pod wezwaniem Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Wieś Gościkowo (Goscichowo) nazwali wtedy Paradius Matris Dei (Raj Matki Bożej).
Do 1945 r. Paradyż znajdował się w powiecie międzyrzeckim. Równo 60 lat temu, 26 września 1952 r., w byłym klasztorze powołano Wydział Filozoficzny Gorzowskiego Diecezjalnego Seminarium Duchownego. Dziewięć lat później w 1961 r. do Paradyża przeniesiono całe seminarium z Gorzowa Wlkp. W latach 1971, 1989 i 2003 odbyły się tutaj kolejne konferencje Episkopatu Polski. Od kilku lat w sierpniu w byłym klasztorze są organizowane cykle koncertów "Muzyka w Raju”